Electrical installation having a cooled fuel cell comprising an absorption heat engine

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to an installation ( 100 ) comprising:
         a power module having a fuel cell ( 12 ) and a reformer ( 14   a ), the fuel cell including a heat removal loop ( 24 ); and   an absorption heat engine ( 40 ) having a first boiler ( 42 ), a condenser ( 46 ), an evaporator ( 48 ), and an absorber ( 50 ).       

     According to the invention, a heat exchange circuit ( 42   a ) of the first boiler is inserted in the heat removal loop of the fuel cell. 
     Furthermore, in the invention, the installation has a closed liquid circuit ( 10 ), which circuit comprises at least one heat exchanger ( 26, 28, 30, 32 ) having a heating circuit thermally coupled to the power module and a heated circuit inserted in said circulation circuit, said circulation circuit exchanging heat with said heating circuit, heating the liquid of the circulation circuit. 
     Finally, in the invention, a heat exchange circuit ( 48   a ) of the evaporator is inserted in said closed liquid circulation circuit.

This application is the U.S. national phase entry under 35 U.S.C. § 371of International Application No. PCT/FR2013/052651, filed on Nov. 6,2013, which claims priority to French Patent Application No. FR 1260914,filed on Nov. 16, 2012, the entireties of each of which are incorporatedby reference herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides an installation having a power module fordelivering electricity that gives off heat and that needs to be cooled.

More particularly, the present invention relates to an installationhaving a power module with at least one fuel cell having an anode and acathode, and at least one reformer that supplies hydrogen to the anode.

The installation of the invention is particularly adapted to be anon-board installation, in particular on board an aircraft such as anairplane.

STATE OF THE PRIOR ART

Such a power module giving off heat needs to be cooled in order toguarantee it operates properly. In particular, the fuel cell needs to bemaintained at its proper operating temperature.

An installation having a power module and a system for cooling such apower module is known. The cooling system of such an installation has aclosed circulation loop for circulating a fluid that exchanges heat withthe power module, thereby having the effect of heating said liquid. Theheated liquid is then cooled by passing through a radiator coupled to afan blowing outside air. That cooling system also has a loop forremoving the heat generated specifically by the fuel cell andincorporated therewith. Thus, as in the liquid circulation loop, theheat given off specifically by the fuel cell is extracted by a liquidcirculating in the loop for removing the heat generated specifically bysaid fuel cell and exchanged via a radiator that is coupled to a fanblowing outside air.

Such a cooling system involving at least one radiator coupled to a fanfor cooling the liquid is bulky. That makes it difficult for it to beinstalled as an on-board system.

Furthermore, the cooling system is of low efficiency, and as a result itdegrades the efficiency of the power module.

In addition, the performance of the cooling system depends on thetemperature difference between the outside air blown by the fan and theabove-mentioned liquid of said circulation loop and of said heat removalloop. In certain circumstances, this temperature difference may belimited, in particular when the installation is situated in a hot zone,e.g. in a hot country.

Furthermore, in that installation, the heat exchanged between thecirculation loop and the hot zones of the module is lost and is not usedas an auxiliary energy source. The same applies to the heat generatedspecifically by the fuel cell and exchanged with said loop for removingheat generated specifically by the fuel cell.

Also known from Document WO 2007/114802, is an absorption heat engineinserted in a circuit for removing heat specific to a fuel cell.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An object of the present invention is to remedy the above-mentioneddrawbacks, at least substantially.

The invention achieves this object by proposing an installationcomprising:

-   -   a power module supplying electricity and giving off heat, the        power module comprising at least one fuel cell provided with an        anode and a cathode, and at least one reformer, the anode being        fed with hydrogen by the reformer and the cathode being fed with        oxygen, the fuel cell including a heat removal loop;    -   an absorption heat engine having a first boiler, a condenser, an        evaporator, and an absorber, a heat exchange circuit of the        first boiler being inserted in the heat removal loop of the fuel        cell in order to cool it; and    -   a closed liquid circulation circuit, said circulation circuit        comprising at least one heat exchanger having a heating circuit        thermally coupled to the power module and a heated circuit        inserted in said circulation circuit, said circulation circuit        exchanging heat with said heating circuit, thereby heating the        liquid of the circulation circuit, and

a heat exchange circuit of the evaporator being inserted in said closedliquid circulation circuit, said heat exchange circuit of the evaporatorhaving said heated liquid of the circulation circuit passingtherethrough after it has passed through the heated circuit of said heatexchanger in order to cool the heated liquid of said circulationcircuit.

It can be understood that the absorption heat engine having the firstboiler, the condenser, the evaporator, and the absorber, is itselfknown. The first boiler, the condenser, the evaporator, and the absorberare heat exchangers that exchange specific heat, i.e. they serve totransfer thermal energy (heat) from one fluid to another.

Furthermore, it can be understood that the “first boiler” means that theabsorption heat engine is not limited to only one boiler but may, forexample, have another boiler, as described below.

The absorption heat engine operates in particular as a result of theability of certain fluids to absorb or desorb vapor. The heat enginethus uses as “working fluids” a binary mixture in which one of thefluids is more volatile than the other, which is referred to as“refrigerant fluid”.

Furthermore, it can be understood that the loop for removing heat fromthe fuel cell has a heat-transfer fluid that extracts the heat generatedspecifically by the fuel cell while it is in operation. It can thus beunderstood that the heat-transfer fluid that has extracted the heatgiven off by the fuel cell passes through the heat exchange circuit ofthe first boiler of the absorption heat engine where it yielded theextracted heat to a mixture of a refrigerant fluid and of an absorbentcontained in the first boiler (in the present description, the term“heat exchanger” is used to mean a circuit in which there flows a fluidthat yields or absorbs heat).

This has the effect of boiling or desorbing a portion of the refrigerantfluid, which is then sent to the condenser in order to be condensed byheat exchange with a lower-temperature fluid flowing in a heat exchangecircuit of the condenser, thereby producing liquid refrigerant fluid.The absorbent-rich mixture that remains in the first boiler is fed tothe absorber.

The liquid refrigerant fluid leaving the condenser then passes throughan evaporator in order to be evaporated by heat exchange with a hotterfluid flowing in the heat exchange circuit of the evaporator. Thisrefrigerant fluid vapor leaving the evaporator then passes through theabsorber where it is absorbed by the absorbent-rich mixture coming fromthe first boiler, which then becomes loaded with refrigerant fluid. Theheat given off by this exothermic reaction is transferred to a fluidflowing in a heat exchange circuit of the absorber. This results in theabsorber containing an absorbent-poor solution that is then fed to thefirst boiler.

These provisions enable the fuel cell to be cooled and maintained at itsoptimum operating temperature.

In this description, said heat exchanger, also referred to as an“exchanger”, is itself known. As mentioned above, it is a device servingto transfer thermal energy (heat) from one fluid to another.

The term “heating circuit” is used herein to mean a circuit in which ahot fluid flows in order to yield heat energy. Herein, the term “heatedcircuit” is thus used to mean a circuit in which a cold fluid flows inorder to receive heat energy from said hot fluid flowing in the heatingcircuit.

Furthermore, the term “thermally coupled” is used herein to mean thatthe heating circuit is incorporated in a circuit for hot fluid comingfrom the power module, such as a feed fluid for the fuel cell and/or thereformer, or indeed an exhaust fluid from the fuel cell and/or thereformer, etc., and the hot fluid passes through the heating circuit.

It can thus be understood that the hot fluid flowing in the heatingcircuit of said heat exchanger transfers heat to the liquid of thecirculation circuit flowing in the heated circuit of said heatexchanger. This has the effect of cooling the hot fluid coming from thepower module and of heating the liquid of the circulation circuit,referred to below as the “heated liquid of the circulation circuit”.

It can also be understood that the heated liquid of the circulationcircuit constitutes the above-mentioned hotter liquid flowing in theheat exchange circuit of the evaporator. It can thus be understood thatthis hot liquid flowing in the heat exchange circuit of the evaporatoryields heat to the liquid refrigerant fluid contained in the evaporatorand coming from the condenser. At the outlet from the heat exchangecircuit of the evaporator, the liquid of the circulation circuit is at alower temperature and is taken to the heated circuit of said heatexchanger in order to exchange heat with said heating circuit of saidheat exchanger.

Because of these provisions, the power module is cooled in order toensure that it operates properly.

Furthermore, these provisions minimize the size and the weight of theinstallation.

These provisions also make it possible to dissipate more heat power thanin a prior art installation, where a radiator coupled to a fan blowingair is used to cool the liquid flowing in the loop for removing the heatspecifically generated by the fuel cell. This is due to the fact that inan absorption heat engine the refrigerant fluid circulates in a closedcircuit where the latent heat of the refrigerant fluid (quantity of heatexchanged when the refrigerant fluid changes state) is used foroperating the absorption heat engine. A fluid picks up more energy perunit weight on changing state than when its temperature rises because ofsensible heat (heat exchange without change of phase of the fluid), astakes place in the prior art installation in which the heat generatedspecifically by the fuel cell is exchanged with air blown by a fan.

In addition, because of these provisions, the installation is lesssubjected to outside temperatures than is said prior art device having aradiator coupled to a fan blowing air. Since the operation of theabsorption heat engine depends mainly on the heat energy delivered tothe absorber, outside conditions have little or no effect on itsefficiency.

Furthermore, in the installation of the invention, the liquid of thecirculation circuit circulates in a closed circuit and is cooled bytransferring heat to the evaporator after passing though the heatedcircuit of said heat exchanger. The cooling of the liquid of thecirculation circuit therefore does not depend on outside conditions.

Thus, the installation of the invention is made independent of itsenvironment.

Finally, because of these provisions, the energy efficiency of the powermodule (co-generation of electricity and heat) is optimized, since theheat generated by the power module is used for operating the absorptionheat engine. This heat energy is thus used for cooling the liquid of thecirculation circuit after it has passed through the heated circuit ofsaid heat exchanger. This cooled liquid then feeds the heated circuit ofsaid heat exchanger in order to exchange heat with the heating circuitof said heat exchanger.

In addition, the condenser of the absorption heat engine has a heatexchange circuit that is inserted in a circuit for feeding air to thecathode and/or to the reformer, in order to heat that air.

It can be understood that the above-mentioned lower-temperature fluidflowing in the heat exchange circuit of the condenser is air. This airmay come for example from the outside environment and it absorbs heatfrom the vapor of the refrigerant fluid, thereby having the effect ofheating the air.

Because of these provisions, heat energy is recovered for heating theair that is fed to the cathode and also to the reformer, and inparticular to the burner of said reformer.

In certain embodiments, the absorber of the absorption heat engine has aheat exchange circuit that is inserted in a circuit for feeding water tothe reformer in order to heat that water.

It can be understood that in operation the reformer needs to be fed withwater, preferably hot water or steam. In this example, the reformerreforms steam by performing a catalytic reaction at high temperature(about 800° C.) between a fuel and the water (steam), thereby producinga gas rich in hydrogen. This reaction is generally followed by a secondcatalytic reaction, namely reacting gas with steam so as to convertcarbon monoxide and steam into hydrogen and carbon dioxide.

Thus, the above-mentioned fluid flowing in the heat exchange circuit ofthe absorber is water, specifically cold water in this example. Onvaporizing, the cold water “picks up” heat by heat transfer from therefrigerant fluid vapor leaving the evaporator and injected into theabsorber. The water vaporized in this way feeds the reformer.

In certain embodiments, the absorption heat engine is a double-effectabsorption heat engine, said double-effect absorption heat engine havinga second boiler.

Such a double-effect absorption heat engine is itself known.

This double-effect absorption heat engine having the second boilerdiffers from the absorption heat engine having only the first boiler inthat the second boiler is fed by the absorbent-rich mixture that remainsin the first boiler and in that the vapor of the refrigerant fluidleaving the first boiler passes through a heat exchange circuit of saidsecond boiler. The vapor of the refrigerant fluid leaving the firstboiler thus exchanges heat with the absorbent-rich mixture coming fromthe first boiler. That then has the effect of boiling or desorbing theremainder of the refrigerant fluid of the absorbent-rich mixture comingfrom the first boiler. The refrigerant fluid vapor as generated in thisway in the second boiler is fed to the condenser. This also has theeffect of condensing the refrigerant fluid vapor coming from the firstboiler and passing through the heat exchange circuit of the secondboiler. The refrigerant fluid liquid as obtained in this way at theoutlet from the heat exchange circuit of the second boiler is expandedprior to feeding the condenser. In addition, the absorbent-rich solutionthat remains in the second boiler is fed to the absorber.

This provision makes it possible to make use twice of the heat given offby the operation of the fuel cell. It can thus be understood that thisprovision makes it possible to optimize the energy efficiency of thepower module. This double-effect heat engine makes it possible to obtaina coefficient of performance (COP) greater than 1.

In certain embodiments, the heating circuit of such a heat exchanger isconnected to a circuit for exhausting gas from a burner of the reformer.For example, the heat exchanger is a condenser.

In the present description, the condenser is itself known andconstitutes a heat exchanger serving to condense a gas and recover acorresponding condensate liquid. By way of example, the liquid is water.It can be understood that the burner of the reformer ejects hot burntcombustion gas. The hot combustion gas flows in the heating circuit ofthe heat exchanger and exchanges heat with the liquid of the circulationcircuit flowing through the heated circuit of the heat exchanger,thereby heating said liquid. This heated liquid of the circulationcircuit then feeds the heat exchange circuit of the evaporator, andleaves said heat exchange circuit of the evaporator at a lowertemperature.

Furthermore, in the present description, since the reformer reformssteam, the water contained in the burnt gas is recovered in order to bereinjected into the reformer.

In certain embodiments, the heating circuit of such a heat exchanger isconnected to an anode feed circuit between the reformer and the anode.In a variant, such a heat exchanger is a condenser.

It can be understood that the reformer produces hot gas that is rich inhydrogen. Thus, in order to avoid damaging the fuel cell, thehydrogen-rich gas needs to be cooled and the water it contains needs tobe eliminated prior to feeding the anode. For this purpose, thishydrogen-rich gas passes through the heating circuit of the heatexchanger to exchange heat with the liquid of the circulation circuitflowing through the heated circuit of the heat exchanger and to condensethe water it contains, thereby heating said liquid of the circulationcircuit. This heated liquid of the circulation circuit is then fed tothe heat exchange circuit of the evaporator and leaves said heatexchange circuit of the evaporator at a lower temperature. Furthermore,the condensed water is returned, as above, to the reformer.

In certain embodiments, the heating circuit of such a heat exchanger isconnected to a circuit for exhausting anode fluid and connected to theanode. In a variant, such a heat exchanger is a condenser.

It can be understood that the gas exhausted from the anode passesthrough the heating circuit of the heat exchanger to exchange heat withthe liquid of the circulation circuit flowing in the heated circuit ofsaid heat exchanger, thereby heating said liquid. This heated liquid ofthe circulation circuit then feeds the heat exchange circuit of theevaporator and leaves said heat exchange circuit of the evaporator at alower temperature. Furthermore, the water of this gas is recovered tofeed the reformer.

In certain embodiments, the heating circuit of such a heat exchanger isconnected to a circuit for exhausting cathode fluid and connected to thecathode. In a variant, such a heat exchanger is a condenser.

It can be understood that the gas exhausted from the cathode passesthrough the heating circuit of the heat exchanger to exchange heat withthe liquid of the circulation circuit flowing in the heated circuit ofthe heat exchanger, thereby heating said liquid. This heated liquid ofthe circulation circuit is then fed to the heat exchange circuit of theevaporator, and leaves said heat exchange circuit of the evaporator at alower temperature. In addition, the water from this gas is recovered tofeed the reformer.

In certain embodiments, a condensate liquid recovered in such acondenser feeds the reformer via a condensate circuit.

As mentioned above, the reformer acts by reforming steam and needs to befed with water. It can thus be understood that the water recovered inthe or each condenser constitutes the condensate and feeds the reformer.

In certain embodiments, the fuel cell is a high temperature protonexchange membrane fuel cell.

This type of fuel cell presents the advantage of accepting ahydrogen-rich gas as produced by a reformer for feeding its anode and ofaccepting oxygen coming from outside air for feeding its cathode.

In addition, this type of fuel cell is suitable for co-generation.During nominal operation, it delivers about as much heat power aselectrical power.

In certain embodiments, the installation is an on-board installation.

The invention also provides an aircraft including an installation asdescribed above.

Several embodiments are described in the present description.Nevertheless, unless specified to the contrary, characteristicsdescribed with reference to any one embodiment may be applied to anyother embodiment.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

The invention and its advantages can be better understood on reading thefollowing detailed description of an embodiment of the invention givenby way of non-limiting example. The description refers to the soleaccompanying FIGURE, in which:

FIG. 1 is a diagram of an installation with a power module of theinvention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 shows an installation 100 essentially comprising a power modulethat gives off heat and a closed circuit 10 for circulating a liquid,referred to below as a “circulation circuit 10”. In this example, theliquid in the circulation circuit 10 is water.

In the present description, the installation 100 is on board an aircraftsuch as an airplane. Thus, in this example, the water of the circulationcircuit 10 comes from a water supply of the airplane.

The power module comprises a fuel cell 12 having an anode 12 a and acathode 12 b. The power module also comprises a reformer 14 having aburner 14 a producing a hot gas that is rich in hydrogen. In thisexample, the reformer 14 performs steam reforming, which consists in acatalytic reaction at high temperature (about 800° C.) between a fueland water (steam), producing a gas that is rich in hydrogen. Thisreaction is generally followed by a second catalytic reaction, namelyreacting gas in water (steam), which converts carbon monoxide and water(steam) into hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Hot combustion gas resultingfrom these reactions, and referred to below in the present descriptionas “burnt” gas, is ejected by the burner out from the airplane via anoutlet S1, after passing through a circuit 15 for exhausting gas fromthe burner.

Furthermore, in this example, the fuel cell 12 is a fuel cell having ahigh temperature proton exchange membrane that, in nominal operation,delivers almost as much heat power as electrical power. This type ofcell 12 presents the advantage of accepting an anode feed ofhydrogen-rich gas produced by the reformer 14 through an anode feedcircuit 16 connecting an outlet of the reformer 14 to an inlet of theanode 12 a. This type of cell 12 also accepts a cathode feed of oxygentaken from the outside air.

This outside air is taken by means of a circuit 18 for feeding air tothe cathode 12 b and to the burner 14 a of the reformer 14. In addition,this feed circuit 18 also feeds the reformer 14 and more precisely itsburner 14 a.

An exhaust circuit 20 for exhausting anode gas, i.e. gas leaving theanode 12 a, connects an outlet of the anode 12 a to the outside of theairplane via an outlet S2 to exhaust said gas. In addition, an exhaustcircuit 22 for exhausting cathode gas, i.e. the gas leaving the cathode12 b, connects an outlet of the cathode 12 b to the outside of theairplane in order to exhaust this gas via an outlet S3.

The fuel cell 12 has a loop 24 for removing heat generated by theoperation of said cell 12. In this example, a heat-transfer fluidcirculates in said loop 24 and extracts the heat generated by theoperation of the fuel cell.

The installation 100 also has four heat exchangers 26, 28, 30, and 32which, in this example, are condensers. In a variant, the installation100 could have a greater or smaller number of heat exchangers and/orcondensers.

Each condenser 26, 28, 30, and 32 has a heating circuit 26 a, 28 a, 30a, or 32 a that is thermally coupled to the power module, i.e. theheating circuit is incorporated in a circuit for hot fluid coming fromthe power module, such as a feed fluid for the cell 12 or indeed anexhaust fluid from the cell 12 and/or from the reformer 14, etc. Thus,the heating circuits 26 a, 28 a, 30 a, and 32 a are connectedrespectively to the circuit 15 for exhausting burnt gas from the burner14 a, to the anode feed circuit 16, to the circuit 20 for exhaustinganode gas, and to the circuit 22 for exhausting cathode gas.

Furthermore, each condenser 26, 28, 30, and 32 has a respective heatedcircuit 26 b, 28 b, 30 b, or 32 b that is inserted in the watercirculation circuit 10. It should be understood that the term “inserted”means that the water in the circulation circuit 10 flows through each ofthe heated circuits 26 b, 28 b, 30 b, and 32 b. In addition, the heatedcircuits 26 b, 28 b, 30 b, and 32 b are inserted in parallel relative toone another in the water circulation circuit 10 between a first waterpipe 10 a and a second water pipe 10 b of said circulation circuit 10.

Furthermore, each condenser 26, 28, 30, and 32 has a condensed watertank 26 c, 28 c, 30 c, or 32 c. This recovered condensed water isinjected into the reformer 14 by a condensate circuit 36.

In order to control the internal temperature of the fuel cell 12 andthus ensure that it operates properly, the fuel cell needs to be cooled.In this example, since the cell 12 is of the high temperature protonexchange membrane type, its temperature needs to be maintained at around170° C. For this purpose, the installation has an absorption heat engine40, which is a double-effect heat engine in this example. Thisdouble-effect absorption heat engine 40 is itself known and is referredto below as a “heat engine”.

The structure of the heat engine 40 is described in the followingportion of the description. The terms “upstream” and “downstream” aredefined relative to the normal flow direction of a cooling fluid and/orof an absorbent through an absorption heat engine.

It essentially comprises a first boiler 42 having a mixture of a coolingfluid and an absorbent. The cooling fluid in this example is water andthe absorbent is lithium bromide. This mixture contained in the firstboiler 42 is referred to below as being “diluted” or “absorbent-poor”.

The heat engine 40 also has a second boiler 44, a condenser 46, anevaporator 48, and an absorber 50.

Furthermore, in this absorption heat engine 40:

-   -   a heat exchange circuit 42 a of the first boiler 42 is inserted        in the heat removal circuit 24 of the fuel cell 12;    -   a first refrigerant circuit 52 comprising three sub-circuits 52        a, 52 b, and 52 c connects the first boiler 42 to the condenser        46;    -   a heat exchange circuit 44 a of the second boiler 44 is inserted        in the first refrigerant circuit 52;    -   a first expander 54 is inserted in the first refrigerant circuit        52 downstream from the heat exchange circuit 44 a of the second        boiler 44 and upstream of the condenser 46;    -   a second refrigerant circuit 56 connects the second boiler 44 to        the condenser 46;    -   a feed circuit 58 of the second boiler 44 connects the first        boiler 42 to the second boiler 44;    -   a heat exchange circuit 46 a of the condenser 46 is inserted in        a feed circuit 18 for feeding air to the cathode and to the        burner 14 a of the reformer 14;    -   a third refrigerant circuit 62 connects the condenser 46 to the        evaporator 48;    -   a second expander 64 is inserted in the third refrigerant        circuit 62, downstream from the condenser 46 and upstream of the        evaporator 48;    -   a heat exchange circuit 48 a of the evaporator 48 is inserted in        the water circulation circuit 10 downstream from the heated        circuit 26 b, 28 b, 30 b, or 32 b of each heat exchanger 26, 28,        30, or 32;    -   a fourth refrigerant circuit 66 connects the evaporator 48 to        the absorber 50;    -   a heat exchange circuit 50 a of the absorber 50 is inserted in a        circuit 68 for feeding water to the reformer 14, this circuit        68, in this example, taking its source from a supply of cold        water;    -   a feed circuit 70 for feeding an absorbent-rich mixture connects        the second boiler 44 to the absorber 50; and    -   a feed circuit 72 of the first boiler 42 connects the absorber        50 to the first boiler 42 via a pump 74 connected to the feed        circuit 72 of the first boiler 42 downstream from the absorber        50 and upstream of the first boiler 42.

This heat engine 40 also has a first heat exchanger 76 comprising afirst heat exchange circuit 76 a inserted in the circuit 70 for theabsorbent-rich mixture, and a second heat exchanger circuit 76 binserted in the feed circuit 72 of the first boiler 42.

The heat engine 40 also has a second heat exchanger 78 having a firstheat exchange circuit 78 a inserted in the feed circuit 58 of the secondboiler 44, and a second heat exchange circuit 78 b inserted in the feedcircuit 72 of the first boiler 42.

The operation of the installation 100 of the invention is describedbelow.

In order to recover water for feeding the reformer 14, the heatingcircuit 26 a of the burnt gas condenser 26 is connected to the circuit15 for exhausting gas from the burner 14 a. The burnt gas ejected fromthe burner 14 a passes through said heating circuit 26 a exchanging heatwith the heated circuit 32 b of the burnt gas condenser 26 through whichthe water of the circulation circuit 10 circulates. Furthermore, thecondensed water contained in the burnt gas is recovered in the tank 26 cof said burnt gas condenser 26 and feeds the reformer 14 via thecondensate circuit 36.

In like manner to the above, water is recovered from the hydrogen-richhot gas leaving the reformer 14 by the anode feed circuit 16 and forreinjecting into the reformer 14. Furthermore, this hydrogen-rich gasleaving the reformer 14 needs to be cooled and dehydrated prior tofeeding the anode 12 a. For this purpose, the heating circuit 28 a ofthe pre-anode condenser 28 is connected to the anode feed circuit 16. Asa result, the hydrogen-rich gas leaving the reformer 14 passes throughthe heating circuit 28 a of the pre-anode condenser 28 and exchangesheat with the heated circuit 28 b of said condenser 28 through which thewater of the circulation circuit 10 circulates. The condensation waterrecovered in the tank 28 c of the pre-anode condenser 28 is injectedinto the reformer 14 by the condensate circuit 36.

The water contained in the gas exhausted from the anode 12 a is alsorecovered. For this purpose, the heating circuit 30 a of the post-anodecondenser 30 is connected to the anode gas exhaust circuit 20. The hotfluid leaving the anode 12 a passes through the heating circuit 30 b ofthe post-anode condenser 30 and exchanges heat with the heated circuit30 b of the post-anode condenser 30 through which the water of thecirculation circuit circulates. As above, the condensed water recoveredin the tank 30 c of the post-anode condenser 30 is injected into thereformer 14 by the condensate circuit 36.

Finally, the water contained in the gas exhausted from the cathode 12 bis recovered. Thus, the heating circuit 32 a of the post-cathodecondenser 32 is connected to the cathode gas exhaust circuit 22. The hotfluid leaving the cathode 12 b passes through the heating circuit 38 aof the post-cathode condenser 32 and exchanges heat with the heatedcircuit 38 b of the post-cathode condenser 32 through which water of thecirculation circuit circulates. The condensation water recovered in thetank 32 c of said post-cathode condenser 32 is returned to the reformer14 by the condensate circuit 36.

It can thus be understood that the water of the circulation circuit 10leaving each heated circuit 26 b, 28 b, 30 b, or 32 b is heated andreferred to below as “hot water”.

Furthermore, as mentioned above, the fuel cell 12 needs to be cooled.

For this purpose, the heat exchange circuit 42 a of the first boiler 42is inserted in the loop 24 for removing heat from the fuel cell 12.

Thus, the heat-transfer fluid of said loop 24 that has extracted theheat generated by the operation of the fuel cell 12 exchanges this heatwith the mixture of refrigerant fluid and absorbent (referred to belowas “dilute” or “absorbent-poor”) contained in the first boiler 42.

This then has the effect of boiling or desorbing a portion of therefrigerant fluid of the dilute mixture contained in the first boiler42. Since the mixture remaining in the first boiler 42 has “lost” water,it is referred to as the “absorbent-rich mixture of the first boiler42”.

This absorbent-rich mixture of the first boiler 42 feeds the secondboiler 44 via the feed circuit 58 of the second boiler 44. In addition,said refrigerant fluid vapor generated in the first boiler 42 passesthrough the first sub-circuit 52 a of the first refrigerant circuit 52and passes through the heat exchange circuit 44 a and the second boiler44. Consequently, this refrigerant fluid vapor passing through the heatexchange circuit 44 a of the second boiler 44 exchanges heat with theabsorbent-rich mixture of the first boiler 42 as contained in the secondboiler 44.

This has the effect of boiling or desorbing the remaining liquidrefrigerant fluid contained in this absorbent-rich mixture coming fromthe first boiler 42 and contained in the second boiler 44.

The refrigerant fluid vapor generated in the second boiler 44 feeds thecondenser 46 via the second refrigerant circuit 56 to feed the condenser46. Furthermore, the refrigerant fluid vapor coming from the firstboiler 42 leaves the heat exchange circuit 44 a of the second boiler 44in condensed form.

The liquid refrigerant fluid as generated in this way passes through thesecond sub-circuit 52 b of the first refrigerant circuit 52 and isexpanded by the first expander 54.

The refrigerant fluid vapor as generated in this way passes through thethird sub-circuit 52 c of the first refrigerant circuit 52 to feed thecondenser 46.

Since the mixture remaining in the second boiler 44 is poor inrefrigerant, it is referred to in the description below as“absorbent-rich mixture of the second boiler 44”. This absorbent-richmixture of the second boiler 44 feeds the absorber 50 via the feedcircuit 70 for feeding absorbent-rich mixture.

The refrigerant fluid vapor contained in the condenser 46 coming fromthe third sub-circuit 52 b is condensed by heat exchange with the heatexchange circuit 46 a of the condenser 46 inserted in the air feedcircuit 18 of the cathode 12 b and of the burner 14 a of the reformer14. Since the air is at a lower temperature than said refrigerant fluidvapor, this vapor transfers the heat it contains to the air, therebygenerating hot air. This hot air leaving the heat exchange circuit 46 aof the condenser feeds the cathode 12 b of the fuel cell 12 and theburner 14 a of the reformer 14.

Furthermore, the liquid refrigerant fluid formed in the condenser 46leaves said condenser 46 via the third refrigerant circuit 62 and feedsthe evaporator 48 after being subjected to throttling through the secondexpander 64. The throttling has the effect of lowering the pressure ofthe liquid refrigerant fluid.

Furthermore, as mentioned above, the heat exchange circuit 48 a of theevaporator 48 is inserted in the water circulation circuits 10downstream from the outlet of the heated circuits 26 b, 28 b, 30 b, and32 b of each heat exchanger 26, 28, 30, and 32. Thus, the water from thecirculation circuit 10 leaving the heated circuit 26 b, 28 b, 30 b, and32 b of each of the heat exchangers 26, 28, 30, and 32 passes throughthe heat exchange circuit 48 a of the evaporator 48. Since this hotwater from the circulation circuit 10 is at a higher temperature thanthe liquid refrigerant fluid contained in the evaporator 48 via thethird refrigerant circuit 62, said hot water of the circulation circuit10 transfers heat to the liquid refrigerant fluid contained in theevaporator 48.

This has the effect of evaporating the refrigerant fluid contained inthe evaporator and of cooling the hot water of the circulation circuit,and this cooled hot water of the circulation circuit is referred tobelow in the present description as “cold water”. The cold water thenfeeds the heating circuits 26 a, 28 a, 30 a, and 32 a of each of thecondensers 26, 28, 30, and 32 so as to exchange heat with the heatedcircuits 26 b, 28 b, 30 b, and 32 b of each of the condensers 26, 28, 30and 32.

Thereafter, this refrigerant fluid generated in the evaporator 48 passesthrough the fourth refrigerant fluid vapor circuit 66 to feed theabsorber 50.

Since the heat exchange circuit 50 a of the absorber 50 is inserted inthe water feed circuit 68 of the reformer 14, this cold water, onvaporizing, picks up the heat given off by the absorption of therefrigerant fluid vapor coming from the evaporator 48. This then has theeffect of condensing the refrigerant fluid vapor, which becomes mixedwith the absorbent-rich mixture of the second boiler 44 coming from saidboiler 44 via the feed circuit 70 for feeding absorbent-rich mixture.This mixture obtained in the absorber 50 constitutes the absorberdiluted mixture and feeds the first boiler 42 via the feed circuit 72 ofthe first boiler 42 by means of the pump 74.

Furthermore, the first circuit 76 a of the first heat exchanger 76inserted in the circuit 70 for the absorbent-rich mixture absorbs theheat from this mixture and transfers it to its second circuit 76 binserted in the feed circuit 72 of the first boiler 42.

Likewise, the first circuit 78 a of the second heat exchanger 78inserted in the feed circuit 58 of the second boiler 44 picks up theheat of the absorbent-rich mixture of the first boiler 42 and transfersit to its second circuit 78 b inserted in the feed circuit 72 of thefirst boiler 42.

The first and second heat exchangers 76 and 78 serve to reduce thequantity of heat that needs to be removed in the absorber 50.

Thus, by means of the installation of the invention, for 100 kilowatts(kW) of available refrigerating power, about 40 kW are used forrecovering the water contained in the gas leaving the cathode, about 30kW for recovering the water contained in the hydrogen-rich gas feedingthe anode, about 25 kW for recovering the water contained in the hotcombustion gas and about 5 kW for recovering the water contained in thegas leaving the anode.

Although the present invention is described with reference to a specificembodiment, it is clear that modifications and changes may be made tothat example without going beyond the general scope of the invention asdefined by the claims. In particular, individual characteristics of theembodiments shown and/or described may be combined in originalembodiments. Consequently, the description and the drawing should beconsidered in an illustrative sense rather than a restrictive sense.

The invention claimed is:
 1. An installation comprising: a power modulesupplying electricity and giving off heat, the power module comprisingat least one fuel cell provided with an anode and a cathode, and atleast one reformer, the anode being fed with hydrogen by the reformerand the cathode being fed with oxygen, the fuel cell including a heatremoval loop; an absorption heat engine having a first boiler, acondenser, an evaporator, and an absorber, a heat exchange circuit ofthe first boiler being inserted in the heat removal loop of the fuelcell in order to cool it; and a closed liquid circulation circuit, theclosed liquid circulation circuit comprising at least one heat exchangerhaving a heating circuit thermally coupled to the power module and aheated circuit inserted in the closed liquid circulation circuit, theclosed liquid circulation circuit exchanging heat with said heatingcircuit, thereby heating the liquid of the closed liquid circulationcircuit, and wherein: a heat exchange circuit of the evaporator isinserted in the closed liquid circulation circuit, said heat exchangecircuit of the evaporator having said heated liquid of the closed liquidcirculation circuit passing therethrough after it has passed through theheated circuit of said heat exchanger in order to cool the heated liquidof the closed liquid circulation circuit; and the condenser of theabsorption heat engine has a heat exchange circuit that is inserted in acircuit for feeding air to the cathode and/or to the reformer, in orderto heat that air.
 2. An installation according to claim 1, characterizedin that the absorber of the absorption heat engine has a heat exchangecircuit that is inserted in a circuit for feeding water to the reformerin order to heat that water.
 3. An installation according to claim 1,characterized in that the absorption heat engine is a double-effectabsorption heat engine, said double-effect absorption heat engine havinga second boiler.
 4. An installation according to claim 1, characterizedin that the heating circuit of the at least one heat exchanger isconnected to a circuit for exhausting gas from a burner of the reformer.5. An installation according to claim 1, characterized in that theheating circuit of the at least one heat exchanger is connected to ananode feed circuit between the reformer and the anode.
 6. Aninstallation according to claim 1, characterized in that the heatingcircuit of the at least one heat exchanger is connected to a circuit forexhausting anode fluid and connected to the anode.
 7. An installationaccording to claim 1, characterized in that the heating circuit of theat least one heat exchanger is connected to a circuit for exhaustingcathode fluid and connected to the cathode.
 8. An installation accordingto claim 4, characterized in that the at least one heat exchanger is acondenser.
 9. An installation according to claim 5, characterized inthat the at least one heat exchanger is a condenser.
 10. An installationaccording to claim 6, characterized in that the at least one heatexchanger is a condenser.
 11. An installation according to claim 7,characterized in that the at least one heat exchanger is a condenser.12. An installation comprising: a power module supplying electricity andgiving off heat, the power module comprising at least one fuel cellprovided with an anode and a cathode, and at least one reformer, theanode being fed with hydrogen by the reformer and the cathode being fedwith oxygen, the fuel cell including a heat removal loop; an absorptionheat engine having a first boiler, a condenser, an evaporator, and anabsorber, a heat exchange circuit of the first boiler being inserted inthe heat removal loop of the fuel cell in order to cool it; and a closedliquid circulation circuit, the closed liquid circulation circuitcomprising at least one heat exchanger, which is a condenser, having aheating circuit thermally coupled to the power module by being connectedto a circuit for exhausting gas from a burner of the reformer, and aheated circuit inserted in the closed liquid circulation circuit, theclosed liquid circulation circuit exchanging heat with said heatingcircuit, thereby heating the liquid of the closed liquid circulationcircuit, and wherein: a heat exchange circuit of the evaporator isinserted in the closed liquid circulation circuit, said heat exchangecircuit of the evaporator having said heated liquid of the closed liquidcirculation circuit passing therethrough after it has passed through theheated circuit of said heat exchanger in order to cool the heated liquidof the closed liquid circulation circuit; the condenser of theabsorption heat engine has a heat exchange circuit that is inserted in acircuit for feeding air to the cathode and/or to the reformer, in orderto heat that air; the absorber of the absorption heat engine has a heatexchange circuit that is inserted in a circuit for feeding water to thereformer in order to heat that water; and a condensate liquid recoveredin such a condenser feeds the reformer via a condensate circuit.
 13. Aninstallation according to claim 1, characterized in that the fuel cellis a high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell.
 14. Aninstallation according to claim 1, characterized in that it is anon-board installation.
 15. An aircraft including an installationaccording to claim
 1. 16. An installation comprising: a power modulesupplying electricity and giving off heat, the power module comprisingat least one fuel cell provided with an anode and a cathode, and atleast one reformer, the anode being fed with hydrogen by the reformerand the cathode being fed with oxygen, the fuel cell including a heatremoval loop; an absorption heat engine having a first boiler, acondenser, an evaporator, and an absorber, a heat exchange circuit ofthe first boiler being inserted in the heat removal loop of the fuelcell in order to cool it; and a closed liquid circulation circuit, theclosed liquid circulation circuit comprising at least one heatexchanger, which is a condenser, having a heating circuit thermallycoupled to the power module by being connected to an anode feed circuitbetween the reformer and the anode, and a heated circuit inserted in theclosed liquid circulation circuit, the closed liquid circulation circuitexchanging heat with said heating circuit, thereby heating the liquid ofthe closed liquid circulation circuit, and wherein: a heat exchangecircuit of the evaporator is inserted in the closed liquid circulationcircuit, said heat exchange circuit of the evaporator having said heatedliquid of the closed liquid circulation circuit passing therethroughafter it has passed through the heated circuit of said heat exchanger inorder to cool the heated liquid of the closed liquid circulationcircuit; the condenser of the absorption heat engine has a heat exchangecircuit that is inserted in a circuit for feeding air to the cathodeand/or to the reformer, in order to heat that air; the absorber of theabsorption heat engine has a heat exchange circuit that is inserted in acircuit for feeding water to the reformer in order to heat that water;and a condensate liquid recovered in such a condenser feeds the reformervia a condensate circuit.
 17. An installation comprising: a power modulesupplying electricity and giving off heat, the power module comprisingat least one fuel cell provided with an anode and a cathode, and atleast one reformer, the anode being fed with hydrogen by the reformerand the cathode being fed with oxygen, the fuel cell including a heatremoval loop; an absorption heat engine having a first boiler, acondenser, an evaporator, and an absorber, a heat exchange circuit ofthe first boiler being inserted in the heat removal loop of the fuelcell in order to cool it; and a closed liquid circulation circuit, theclosed liquid circulation circuit comprising at least one heatexchanger, which is a condenser, having a heating circuit thermallycoupled to the power module by being connected to a circuit forexhausting anode fluid and connected to the anode, and a heated circuitinserted in the closed liquid circulation circuit, the closed liquidcirculation circuit exchanging heat with said heating circuit, therebyheating the liquid of the closed liquid circulation circuit, andwherein: a heat exchange circuit of the evaporator is inserted in theclosed liquid circulation circuit, said heat exchange circuit of theevaporator having said heated liquid of the closed liquid circulationcircuit passing therethrough after it has passed through the heatedcircuit of said heat exchanger in order to cool the heated liquid of theclosed liquid circulation circuit; the condenser of the absorption heatengine has a heat exchange circuit that is inserted in a circuit forfeeding air to the cathode and/or to the reformer, in order to heat thatair; the absorber of the absorption heat engine has a heat exchangecircuit that is inserted in a circuit for feeding water to the reformerin order to heat that water; and a condensate liquid recovered in such acondenser feeds the reformer via a condensate circuit.
 18. Aninstallation comprising: a power module supplying electricity and givingoff heat, the power module comprising at least one fuel cell providedwith an anode and a cathode, and at least one reformer, the anode beingfed with hydrogen by the reformer and the cathode being fed with oxygen,the fuel cell including a heat removal loop; an absorption heat enginehaving a first boiler, a condenser, an evaporator, and an absorber, aheat exchange circuit of the first boiler being inserted in the heatremoval loop of the fuel cell in order to cool it; and a closed liquidcirculation circuit, the closed liquid circulation circuit comprising atleast one heat exchanger, which is a condenser, having a heating circuitthermally coupled to the power module by being connected to a circuitfor exhausting cathode fluid and connected to the cathode, and a heatedcircuit inserted in the closed liquid circulation circuit, the closedliquid circulation circuit exchanging heat with said heating circuit,thereby heating the liquid of the closed liquid circulation circuit, andwherein: a heat exchange circuit of the evaporator is inserted in theclosed liquid circulation circuit, said heat exchange circuit of theevaporator having said heated liquid of the closed liquid circulationcircuit passing therethrough after it has passed through the heatedcircuit of said heat exchanger in order to cool the heated liquid of theclosed liquid circulation circuit; the condenser of the absorption heatengine has a heat exchange circuit that is inserted in a circuit forfeeding air to the cathode and/or to the reformer, in order to heat thatair; the absorber of the absorption heat engine has a heat exchangecircuit that is inserted in a circuit for feeding water to the reformerin order to heat that water; and a condensate liquid recovered in such acondenser feeds the reformer via a condensate circuit.